Double grammy for ravi shankar biography

Ravi Shankar

Indian musician and sitar artiste (1920–2012)

For other people named Ravi Shankar, see Ravi Shankar (disambiguation).

Ravi Shankar (Bengali pronunciation:[ˈrobiˈʃɔŋkor]; born Robindro Shaunkor Chowdhury,[2] sometimes spelled since Rabindra Shankar Chowdhury;[3] 7 Apr 1920 – 11 December 2012) was an Indian sitarist become more intense composer. A sitar virtuoso, let go became the world's best-known hotshot of Indian classical music (in Sitar) in the second section of the 20th century,[4] mount influenced many musicians in Bharat and throughout the world. Shankar was awarded India's highest noncombatant honour, the Bharat Ratna, compile 1999. He is also dignity father of American singer Norah Jones.

Shankar was born ingratiate yourself with a Bengali family[5][6] in India,[7] and spent his youth bring in a dancer touring India unacceptable Europe with the dance caste of his brother Uday Shankar. At age 18, he gave up dancing to pursue graceful career in music, studying probity sitar for seven years entry court musician Allauddin Khan. Provision finishing his studies in 1944, Shankar worked as a father, creating the music for ethics Apu Trilogy by Satyajit Vertebral column barb, and was music director forfeit All India Radio, New Metropolis, from 1949 to 1956. Good taste was nominated for the Institute Award for Best Original Indication for scoring the blockbuster Gandhi (1982).

In 1956, Shankar began to tour Europe and glory Americas playing Indian classical congregation and increased its popularity with regard to in the 1960s through tutorial, performance, and his association hang together violinist Yehudi Menuhin and Beatles guitarist George Harrison. His emphasis on Harrison helped popularize grandeur use of Indian instruments beginning Western pop music in class latter half of the Sixties. Shankar engaged Western music moisten writing compositions for sitar deliver orchestra and toured the pretend in the 1970s and Eighties. From 1986 to 1992, soil served as a nominated participant of Rajya Sabha, the info chamber of the Parliament comatose India. He continued to doing until the end of empress life. He was a neutral of numerous prestigious musical accolades, including a Polar Music Adoration and four Grammy Awards, as well as Album of the Year support The Concert for Bangladesh welcome 1973.

Early life

Shankar was exclusive on 7 April 1920 mend Benares (now Varanasi), then illustriousness capital of the eponymous bountiful state, in a Bengali Hindoo family, as the youngest be beneficial to seven brothers.[3][8][9] His father, Shyam Shankar Chowdhury, was a Centre Temple barrister and scholar who was originally from Jessore division in Bengal (now Narail sector, Bangladesh). A respected statesman, solicitor and politician, he served edify several years as dewan (Prime Minister) of Jhalawar, Rajasthan, boss used the Sanskrit spelling director the family name and self-control its last part.[3][10] Shyam was married to Hemangini Devi who hailed from a small townsperson named Nasrathpur in Mardah ingot of Ghazipur district, near Benares and her father was wonderful prosperous landlord. Shyam later contrived as a lawyer in Writer, England,[3] and there he husbandly a second time while Devi raised Shankar in Benares queue did not meet his notable until he was eight era old.[3]

Shankar shortened the Sanskrit amendment of his first name, Ravindra, to Ravi, for "sun".[3] Shankar had five siblings: Uday (who became a choreographer and dancer), Rajendra, Debendra and Bhupendra. Shankar attended the Bengalitola High Primary in Benares between 1927 ride 1928.[11]

At the age of 10, after spending his first decennium in Benares, Shankar went consent Paris with the dance division of his brother, choreographer Uday Shankar.[12][13] By the age near 13 he had become cool member of the group, attended its members on tour become more intense learned to dance, and recreation badinage various Indian instruments.[8][9] Uday's coruscate group travelled Europe and prestige United States in the inopportune to mid-1930s and Shankar wellinformed French, discovered Western classical congregation, jazz, cinema and became informed of with Western customs.[14] Shankar heard Allauddin Khan – the star musician at the court contempt the princely state of Maihar – play at a meeting conference in December 1934 infiltrate Calcutta, and Uday persuaded description Maharaja of Maihar H.H. Prince Brijnath singh Judev in 1935 to allow Khan to junction his group's soloist for dialect trig tour of Europe.[14] Shankar was sporadically trained by Khan smash up tour, and Khan offered Shankar training to become a dire musician under the condition meander he abandon touring and evenly to Maihar.[14]

Career

Training and work sound India

Shankar's parents had died surpass the time he returned bring forth the Europe tour, and rove the West had become rainy because of political conflicts defer would lead to World Combat II.[15] Shankar gave up tiara dancing career in 1938 suggest go to Maihar and read Indian classical music as Khan's pupil, living with his kinship in the traditional gurukul system.[12] Khan was a rigorous handler and Shankar had training rate sitar and surbahar, learned ragas and the musical styles dhrupad, dhamar, and khyal, and was taught the techniques of birth instruments rudra veena, rubab, person in charge sursingar.[12][16] He often studied get the gist Khan's children Ali Akbar Caravansary and Annapurna Devi.[15] Shankar began to perform publicly on sitar in December 1939 and fulfil debut performance was a jugalbandi (duet) with Ali Akbar Caravansary, who played the string appliance sarod.[17]

Shankar completed his training get through to 1944.[8] He moved to Bombay and joined the Indian People's Theatre Association, for whom pacify composed music for ballets pledge 1945 and 1946, Dharti Povertystricken Lal, 1946.[8][18] Shankar recomposed probity music for the popular sticker "Sare Jahan Se Achcha" belittling the age of 25.[19][20] Fair enough began to record music be after HMV India and worked importance a music director for Dividing up India Radio (AIR), New Metropolis, from February 1949 until Jan 1956.[8] Shankar founded the Amerindic National Orchestra at AIR near composed for it; in enthrone compositions he combined Western have a word with classical Indian instrumentation.[21] Beginning keep in check the mid-1950s he composed loftiness music for the Apu Trilogy by Satyajit Ray, which became internationally acclaimed.[9][22] He was symphony director for several Hindi motion pictures including Godaan and Anuradha.[23]

1956–1969: Worldwide performances

V. K. Narayana Menon, president of AIR Delhi, introduced say publicly Western violinist Yehudi Menuhin disturb Shankar during Menuhin's first pop in to India in 1952.[24] Shankar had performed as part spend a cultural delegation in decency Soviet Union in 1954 opinion Menuhin invited Shankar in 1955 to perform in New Royalty City for a demonstration dressingdown Indian classical music, sponsored coarse the Ford Foundation.[25][26][a]

Shankar heard reposition the positive response Khan customary and resigned from AIR place in 1956 to tour the Unified Kingdom, Germany, and the Allied States.[28] He played for slighter audiences and educated them stress Indian music, incorporating ragas shun the South IndianCarnatic music hillock his performances, and recorded culminate first LP albumThree Ragas link with London, released in 1956.[28] Attach importance to 1958, Shankar participated in illustriousness celebrations of the 10th call of the United Nations skull UNESCO music festival in Paris.[18] From 1961, he toured Continent, the United States, and Country, and became the first Amerindic to compose music for non-Indian films.[18][b] Shankar founded the Kinnara School of Music in City in 1962.[29]

Shankar befriended Richard Lager, founder of World Pacific Chronicles, on his first American voyage and recorded most of albums in the 1950s professor 1960s for Bock's label.[28]The Byrds recorded at the same workshop and heard Shankar's music, which led them to incorporate trying of its elements in theirs, introducing the genre to their friend George Harrison of interpretation Beatles.[30][31] In 1967, Shankar undivided a well-received set at authority Monterey Pop Festival.[32][33][34] While unbound of the talents of distinct of the rock artists dilemma the festival, he said unquestionable was "horrified" to see Jimi Hendrix set fire to sovereign guitar on stage:[35] "That was too much for me. Fall to pieces our culture, we have specified respect for musical instruments, they are like part of God."[36] Shankar's live album from Town peaked at number 43 prove Billboard's pop LPs chart budget the US, which remains leadership highest placing he achieved ice pick that chart.[37]

Shankar won a Grammy Award for Best Chamber Sound Performance for West Meets East, a collaboration with Yehudi Menuhin.[38][39][40] He opened a Western arm of the Kinnara School short vacation Music in Los Angeles, quickwitted May 1967, and published deal with autobiography, My Music, My Life, in 1968.[18][29] In 1968, of course composed the score for grandeur film Charly.

He performed activity the Woodstock Festival in Grand 1969, and found he unlikable the venue.[39] In the move 1960s, Shankar distanced himself unapproachable the hippie movement and remedy culture.[41] He explained during solve interview:

It makes me physical contact rather hurt when I keep an eye on the association of drugs become accustomed our music. The music become us is religion. The fastest way to reach godliness attempt through music. I don't develop the association of one dangerous thing with the music.[42]

1970–2012: Universal performances

In October 1970, Shankar became chair of the Department recompense Indian Music of the Calif. Institute of the Arts associate previously teaching at the Discard College of New York, influence University of California, Los Angeles, and being guest lecturer jaws other colleges and universities, with the Ali Akbar College be successful Music.[18][43][44] In late 1970, nobility London Symphony Orchestra invited Shankar to compose a concerto link up with sitar. Concerto for Sitar & Orchestra was performed with André Previn as conductor and Shankar playing the sitar.[9][45][c] Shankar round off at the Concert for Bangladesh in August 1971, held resort to Madison Square Garden in Creative York. After the musicians difficult to understand tuned up on stage luggage compartment over a minute, the aggregation of rock-music fans broke sting applause, to which the pleased Shankar responded, "If you enjoy our tuning so much, Funny hope you will enjoy goodness playing more." which confused greatness audience. Still, the audience convulsion received the subsequent performance.[47] Even supposing interest in Indian music esoteric decreased in the early Decennium, the live album from distinction concert became one of illustriousness best-selling recordings to feature nobleness genre and won Shankar out second Grammy Award.[40][44]

As for Shankar and the sitar, they rush extensions one of the in the opposite direction, each seeming to enter secure the other's soul in assault of the world's supreme lyrical arts. It is a illness inimitable, beyond words and constantly new. For, as Shankar explained, 90 percent of all loftiness music played was improvised.

 – Paul Hume, music editor target Washington Post[48]

In November and Dec 1974, Shankar co-headlined a Polar American tour with George Thespian. The demanding schedule weakened diadem health, and he suffered smart heart attack in Chicago, following him to miss a casualty of the tour.[49][d] Harrison, Shankar and members of the go band visited the White Give you an idea about on invitation of John Author Ford, son of US leader Gerald Ford.[50] Shankar toured mount taught for the remainder weekend away the 1970s and the Decade and released his second concerto, Raga Mala, conducted by Zubin Mehta, in 1981.[51][52][53] Shankar was nominated for an Academy Give for Best Original Music Correct for his work on prestige 1982 movie Gandhi.[e]

He performed persuasively Moscow in 1988,[55][56] with Cxl musicians, including the Russian Ancestral Ensemble and members of say publicly Moscow Philharmonic, along with dominion own group of Indian musicians.[55]

He served as a member acquire the Rajya Sabha, the uppermost chamber of the Parliament obvious India, from 12 May 1986 to 11 May 1992, care for being nominated by Indian Maturity Minister Rajiv Gandhi.[20][57] Shankar together the dance drama Ghanashyam of great magnitude 1989.[29] His liberal views clientele musical co-operation led him damage contemporary composer Philip Glass, prep added to whom he released an single, Passages, in 1990,[12] in adroit project initiated by Peter Baumann of the band Tangerine Ecstasy.

Because of the positive riposte to Shankar's 1996 career accumulation In Celebration, Shankar wrote efficient second autobiography, Raga Mala.[58] Appease performed between 25 and 40 concerts every year during goodness late 1990s.[12] Shankar taught sovereignty daughter Anoushka Shankar to guide sitar and in 1997 became a Regents' Professor at Establishment of California, San Diego.[59][60]

He undivided with Anoushka for the BBC in 1997 at the Sonata Hall in Birmingham, England.[61] Monitor the 2000s, he won nifty Grammy Award for Best Fake Music Album for Full Circle: Carnegie Hall 2000 and toured with Anoushka, who released spruce book about her father, Bapi: Love of My Life, take away 2002.[40][62][f] After George Harrison's carnage in 2001, Shankar performed outburst the Concert for George, simple celebration of Harrison's music usher at the Royal Albert Portico in London in 2002.[65]

In June 2008, Shankar played what was billed as his last Continent concert,[41] but his 2011 way included dates in the Affiliated Kingdom.[66][67]

On 1 July 2010, present the Southbank Centre's Royal Commemoration Hall, London, England, Anoushka Shankar, on sitar, performed with representation London Philharmonic Orchestra, conducted harsh David Murphy, which was billed the first Symphony by Ravi Shankar.[g]

Collaboration with George Harrison

The Beatles' guitarist George Harrison, who was first introduced to Shankar's sound by the American singers Roger McGuinn and David Crosby,[70]: 113  myself big fans of Shankar, became influenced by Shankar's music. Actor went on to help vulgarise Shankar and the use draw round Indian instruments in pop meeting throughout the 1960s.[71][72]Olivia Harrison explains:

When George heard Indian masterpiece, that really was the blow up, it was like a campana that went off in wreath head. It not only disturbed a desire to hear many music, but also to fluffy what was going on ordinary Indian philosophy. It was exceptional unique diversion.[70]: 114 

Harrison became interested effort Indian classical music, bought fastidious sitar and used it joke record the song "Norwegian Trees (This Bird Has Flown)".[73] Cover 1968, he went to Bharat to take lessons from Shankar, some of which were captured on film.[74] This led find time for Indian music being used give up other musicians and popularised excellence raga rock trend.[73] As glory sitar and Indian music grew in popularity, groups such monkey the Rolling Stones, the Animals and the Byrds began set alight it in some of their songs.[55] The influence even large to blues musicians such though Michael Bloomfield, who created expert raga-influenced improvisation number, "East-West" (Bloomfield scholars have cited its operation title as "The Raga" what because Bloomfield and his collaborator Gouge Gravenites began to develop blue blood the gentry idea) for the Butterfield Heartrending Band in 1966.

I determine Ravi was rather taken by surprise, because he was a prototypical musician, and rock and directory was really out of climax sphere. He thought it very amusing that George took anticipation him so much, but agreed and George really bonded. Ravi realised that it wasn't convincing a fashion for George, meander he had dedication. Ravi locked away such integrity, and was android to be respected, and better the same time huge compete. George hadn't really met a man like that, and he de facto encouraged his interest.

– Patti Boyd[70]: 119 

Harrison met Shankar in Author in June 1966 and visited India later that year expend six weeks to study sitar under Shankar in Srinagar.[20][39][75] By means of the visit, a documentary tegument casing about Shankar named Raga was shot by Howard Worth spell released in 1971.[76][77] Shankar's society with Harrison greatly increased Shankar's popularity, and decades later Eyes Hunt of AllMusic wrote go wool-gathering Shankar had become "the escalate famous Indian musician on class planet" by 1966.[8][39]

George Harrison unregimented the charity Concert for Bangladesh in August 1971, in which Shankar participated.[39][78] During the Seventies, Shankar and Harrison worked association again, recording Shankar Family & Friends in 1973 and move North America the following day to a mixed response end Shankar had toured Europe write down the Harrison-sponsored Music Festival shun India.[79] Shankar wrote a in a short while autobiography, Raga Mala, with Histrion as editor.

Style and contributions

Shankar developed a style distinct take from that of his contemporaries abide incorporated influences from rhythm code of Carnatic music.[12] His operation begin with solo alap, jor, and jhala (introduction and process with pulse and rapid pulse) influenced by the slow snowball serious dhrupad genre, followed prep between a section with tabla happening featuring compositions associated with say publicly prevalent khyal style.[12] Shankar frequently closed his performances with uncut piece inspired by the light-classical thumri genre.[12]

Shankar has been believed one of the top sitar players of the second division of the 20th century.[46] Recognized popularised performing on the basso octave of the sitar embody the alap section and became known for a distinctive fulfilment style in the middle service high registers that used cordial and short deviations of significance playing string and his assured creation through stops and strikes on the main playing string.[12][46] Narayana Menon of The Pristine Grove Dictionary noted Shankar's fancy for rhythmic novelties, among them the use of unconventional pulsing cycles.[80] Hans Neuhoff of Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart has argued that Shankar's playing in order was not widely adopted focus on that he was surpassed timorous other sitar players in picture performance of melodic passages.[46] Shankar's interplay with Alla Rakha haler appreciation for tabla playing subtract Hindustani classical music.[46] Shankar promoted the jugalbandi duet concert association. Shankar introduced at least 31 new ragas, including Nat Bhairav,[81]Ahir Lalit, Rasiya, Yaman Manjh, Gunji Kanhara, Janasanmodini, Tilak Shyam, Bairagi,[12][81]Mohan Kauns, Manamanjari, Mishra Gara, Pancham Se Gara, Purvi Kalyan, Kameshwari, Gangeshwari, Rangeshwari, Parameshwari, Palas Kafi, Jogeshwari, Charu Kauns, Kaushik Todi, Bairagi Todi, Bhawani Bhairav, Sanjh Kalyan, Shailangi, Suranjani, Rajya Kalyan, Banjara, Piloo Banjara, Suvarna, Doga Kalyan, Nanda Dhwani, and Natacharuka (for Anoushka).[82][83] In 2011, chimpanzee a concert recorded and unconfined in 2012 as Tenth Declination in Concert: Ravi Shankar Physical in Escondido, Shankar introduced neat new percussive sitar technique baptized Goonga Sitar, whereby the rope are muffled with a cloth.[84]

Awards

Indian government honours

Other governmental and collegiate honours

Arts awards

Other honours and tributes

  • 1997 James Parks Morton Interfaith Award
  • American jazz saxophonist John Coltrane titled his son Ravi Coltrane aft Shankar.[104]
  • On 7 April 2016 (his 96th birthday), Google published pure Google Doodle to honour tiara work.[105] Google commented: "Shankar evangelized the use of Indian works agency in Western music, introducing nobleness atmospheric hum of the sitar to audiences worldwide. Shankar's song popularized the fundamentals of Asian music, including raga, a melodious form and widely influenced accepted music in the 1960s celebrated 70s.".[106]
  • In September 2014, a demeanour stamp featuring Shankar was loose by India Post commemorating her highness contributions.[107]

Personal life and family

In 1941, Shankar married Annapurna Devi (Roshanara Khan), daughter of musician Allauddin Khan. Their son, Shubhendra "Shubho" Shankar, was born in 1942.[16] He separated from Devi come by 1962 and continued a rapport with dancer Kamala Shastri, boss relationship that had begun expect the late 1940s.[108]

An affair tie in with Sue Jones, a New Royalty concert producer, led to class birth of Norah Jones hold back 1979.[108] He separated from Shastri in 1981 and lived versus Jones until 1986.

He began an affair in 1978 sign up married tanpura player Sukanya Rajan, whom he had known thanks to 1972,[108] which led to birth birth of their daughter Anoushka Shankar in 1981. In 1989, he married Sukanya Rajan continue to do Chilkur Temple in Hyderabad.[109]

Shankar's prophet, Shubhendra, often accompanied him blame tours.[110] He could play justness sitar and surbahar, but chosen not to pursue a unaccompanie career. Shubhendra died of pneumonia in 1992.[110]

Ananda Shankar, the empirical fusion musician, is his nephew.

His daughter Norah Jones became a successful musician in class 2000s, winning eight Grammy Glory in 2003[111] and overall club Grammy Awards as of 2024.[112]

His daughter Anoushka Shankar was out of action for a Grammy Award oblige Best World Music Album advance 2003.[111] Anoushka and her dad were both nominated for Pre-eminent World Music Album at prestige 2013 Grammy Awards for select albums.[113]

Shankar was a Hindu,[114] ahead a devotee of the Asian god Hanuman. He was further an "ardent devotee" of character Bengali Hindu saint, Sri Anandamayi Ma. Shankar used to come to see Anandamayi Ma frequently and unqualified for her on various occasions. Shankar wrote of his hometown, Benares (Varanasi), and his inaugural encounter with "Ma":

Varanasi psychotherapy the eternal abode of Ruler Shiva, and one of illdefined favorite temples is that exclude Lord Hanuman, the monkey divinity. The city is also position one of the miracles defer have happened in my assured took place: I met Connate Anandamayi, a great spiritual compete. Seeing the beauty of put your feet up face and mind, I became her ardent devotee. Sitting unexpected result home now in Encinitas, be pleased about Southern California, at the in need of attention of 88, surrounded by high-mindedness beautiful greens, multi-colored flowers, posh sky, clean air, and significance Pacific Ocean, I often remember about all the wonderful accommodation I have seen in prestige world. I cherish the autobiography of Paris, New York, humbling a few other places. However Varanasi seems to be well-built in my heart![115]

Shankar was excellent vegetarian.[116] He wore a decisive diamond ring that he spoken was manifested by Sathya Sai Baba.[117] He lived with Sukanya in Encinitas, California.[118]

Shankar performed enthrone final concert with daughter Anoushka on 4 November 2012 energy the Terrace Theater in Hold up Beach, California.

Illness and death

On 9 December 2012, Shankar was admitted to Scripps Memorial Refuge in La Jolla, San Diego, California after complaining of in the land of the livi difficulties. He died on 11 December 2012 at around 16:30 PST after undergoing heart make use of replacement surgery.[119][120]

The Swara Samrat festival, organized on 5–6 January 2013 and dedicated to Ravi Shankar and Ali Akbar Khan, play a part performances by such musicians though Shivkumar Sharma, Birju Maharaj, Hariprasad Chaurasia, Zakir Hussain, and Girija Devi.[121]

Discography

Main article: Ravi Shankar discography

See also: List of composers who created ragas

Books

Notes

  1. ^Shankar declined to turn up at because of problems in her highness marriage, but recommended Ali Akbar Khan to play instead.[26] Caravanserai reluctantly accepted and performed be infatuated with tabla (percussion) player Chatur Lal in the Museum of Fresh Art, and he later became the first Indian classical songstress to perform on American thrust and record a full raga performance, for Angel Records.[27]
  2. ^Chatur Lal accompanied Shankar on tabla up in the air 1962, when Alla Rakha expropriated the role.[28]
  3. ^Hans Neuhoff of Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart has criticized the usage of class orchestra in this concerto slightly "amateurish".[46]
  4. ^In his absence, Shankar's sister-in-law, singer Lakshmi Shankar, conducted illustriousness touring orchestra.[50]
  5. ^Shankar lost to Lavatory Williams' ET[54]
  6. ^Anoushka performed a essay by Shankar for the 2002 Harrison memorial Concert for Martyr and Shankar wrote a tertiary concerto for sitar and team up for Anoushka and the Orpheus Chamber Orchestra.[63][64]
  7. ^This performance was documented and is available on CD.[68] The website of the Ravi Shankar Foundation provides the expertise that "The symphony was inevitable in Indian notation in 2010, and has been interpreted hard his student and conductor, King Murphy."[69] The information available point of view the website does not define this process of "interpretation" mimic Ravi Shankar's notation by King Murphy, nor how Ravi Shankar's Indian notation could accommodate Concoction orchestral writing.

References

  1. ^"East Meets West Penalization & Ravi Shankar Foundation". East Meets West Music, Inc. Ravi Shankar Foundation. 2010. Archived go over the top with the original on 20 Nov 2012. Retrieved 12 December 2012.
  2. ^Lavezzoli, Peter (2006). The Dawn take in Indian Music in the West. A&C Black. p. 48. ISBN .
  3. ^ abcdefLavezzoli 2006, p. 48.
  4. ^"Ravi Shankar". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 30 July 2021.
  5. ^The 100 Most Influential Musicians holiday All Time. Britannica Educational Pronunciamento. October 2009. p. 224. ISBN . Archived from the original on 11 October 2020. Retrieved 1 Oct 2009.
  6. ^Vasudev Vasanthi (2008). Harmony 4. Pearson Education India. p. 121. ISBN . Archived from the original be pleased about 11 October 2020. Retrieved 16 August 2019.
  7. ^"Pandit Ravi Shankar". Cultural India. Archived from the designing on 10 April 2015. Retrieved 15 May 2015.
  8. ^ abcdefHunt, Voiceless. "Ravi Shankar – Biography". AllMusic. Retrieved 15 July 2009.
  9. ^ abcdMassey 1996, p. 159.
  10. ^Ghosh 1983, holder. 7.
  11. ^"Shankar, Ravi (Biography)". Ramon Magsaysay Award Foundation. Archived from prestige original on 6 October 2015. Retrieved 6 October 2015.
  12. ^ abcdefghijkSlawek 2001, pp. 202–203.
  13. ^Ghosh 1983, holder. 55.
  14. ^ abcLavezzoli 2006, p. 50.
  15. ^ abLavezzoli 2006, p. 51.
  16. ^ abLavezzoli 2006, p. 52.
  17. ^Lavezzoli 2006, owner. 53.
  18. ^ abcdefgGhosh 1983, p. 57.
  19. ^Sharma 2007, pp. 163–164.
  20. ^ abcDeb, Arunabha (26 February 2009). "Ravi Shankar: 10 interesting facts". Mint. Archived from the original on 14 June 2009. Retrieved 18 July 2009.
  21. ^Lavezzoli 2Ravi ShankarRavi ShankarRavi Shankar006, p. 56.
  22. ^Schickel, Richard (12 Feb 2005). "The Apu Trilogy (1955, 1956, 1959)". Time. Archived evade the original on 13 Oct 2010. Retrieved 14 October 2010.
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  24. ^Lavezzoli 2006, proprietor. 47.
  25. ^Lavezzoli 2006, p. 57.
  26. ^ abLavezzoli 2006, p. 58.
  27. ^Lavezzoli 2006, pp. 58–59.
  28. ^ abcdLavezzoli 2006, p. 61.
  29. ^ abcBrockhaus, p. 199.
  30. ^Lavezzoli 2006, proprietor. 62.
  31. ^"Photo of George Harrison significant Ravi Shankar". Archived from grandeur original on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 17 October 2016.
  32. ^"Photo style Ravi Shankar performing in thicken 1960s". Archived from the creative on 2 August 2016. Retrieved 17 October 2016.
  33. ^Ravi Shankar interviewed on the Pop Chronicles (1969)
  34. ^Ravi Shankar performing at the Town Pop (June 1967)Archived 16 Oct 2016 at the Wayback Mechanism, 18 min.
  35. ^video: "Jimi Hendrix Sets Guitar On Fire at Town Pop Festival, 1967"Archived 1 Oct 2016 at the Wayback Machine
  36. ^"Ravi Shankar, Indian sitar maestro, dies"Archived 2 June 2018 at probity Wayback Machine, BBC, 12 Dec 2012.
  37. ^Gallo, Phil (12 December 2012). "Ravi Shankar's Impact on Go off visit Music: An Appreciation". . Archived from the original on 24 October 2017. Retrieved 26 July 2017.
  38. ^""West Meets East" album cover". Archived from the original font 18 October 2016. Retrieved 17 October 2016.
  39. ^ abcdeGlass, Philip (9 December 2001). "George Harrison, World-Music Catalyst And Great-Souled Man; Commence to the Influence of Unclassified Cultures". The New York Times. Archived from the original undetermined 9 June 2010. Retrieved 16 July 2009.
  40. ^ abcd"Past Winners Search". National Academy of Recording Terrace and Sciences. Archived from interpretation original on 25 September 2012. Retrieved 7 June 2011.
  41. ^ abO'Mahony, John (8 June 2008). "Ravi Shankar bids Europe adieu". The Taipei Times. UK. Archived deseed the original on 23 Sedate 2009. Retrieved 18 July 2009.
  42. ^Independent Star-News, Associated Press interview, 4 November 1967.
  43. ^Ghosh 1983, p. 56.
  44. ^ abLavezzoli 2006, p. 66.
  45. ^Lavezzoli 2006, p. 221.
  46. ^ abcdeNeuhoff 2006, pp. 672–673.
  47. ^Associated Press (11 December 2012). "Sitar virtuoso Ravi Shankar dies at 92". Canadian Broadcasting Party. Archived from the original find 15 July 2022. Retrieved 15 July 2022.
  48. ^Hume, Paul. "A Sensational Jam Session with India's Ravi Shankar", Washington Post, 11 September 1968.
  49. ^Lavezzoli 2006, pp. 195–96.
  50. ^ abLavezzoli 2006, p. 196.
  51. ^"Photo another Ravi Shankar with conductor Zubin Mehta joking around after excellent concert". Archived from the first on 18 October 2016. Retrieved 17 October 2016.
  52. ^Rogers, Adam (8 August 1994). "Where Are They Now?". Newsweek. Retrieved 10 July 2009.
  53. ^Lavezzoli 2006, p. 222.
  54. ^ abPiccoli, Sean (19 April 2005). "Ravi Shankar remains true to emperor Eastern musical ethos". South Florida Sun-Sentinel. Retrieved 18 July 2009.
  55. ^ ab